- - AGRICULTURE CORE CURRICULUM - - (CLF3000) Advanced Core Cluster: Animal Science (CLF3150) Unit Title: NUTRITION AND FEEDS ____________________________________________________________________________ (CLF3155) Topic: VITAMIN AND AMINO Time Year(s) ACID REQUIREMENTS 2 hours 3 \ 4 ____________________________________________________________________________ Topic Objectives: Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: Learning Outcome #: (B-5) - List vitamins and amino acids not synthesized by livestock species and identity feeds high in these specific nutrients. Special Materials and Equipment: Feed samples of those feeds discussed in lecture. References: Ensminger, M.E. (1983). THE STOCKMAN'S HANDBOOK (6th ed.). Fridline, Clarance R. (1979). LIVESTOCK NUTRITION AND FEEDING. Maynard, Leonard A. (1979). ANIMAL NUTRITION (7th ed.). Evaluation: Quiz by instructor TOPIC PRESENTATION: VITAMIN AND AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS REVIEW: Basic Core Curriculum CLF267 "Vitamins and Minerals" and Basic Core Curriculum CLF265 "Protein Needs". A. Vitamin Synthesis 1. Some animals have the ability to make some of their own vitamins, so it is not necessary to add them to the diet. Other vitamins must be obtained through dietary intake. a. Cattle, sheep, and goats (all ruminants) have microorganisms in the rumen that can synthesize vitamin K and all the B vitamins. Vitamin C is made in other animal tissues. b. Ruminant animals need the following vitamins supplied in their ration: 1) Vitamin A (carotene) - Sources: yellow corn, green leafy hay, and pasture. The degree of greenness in a roughage is a good index of carotene as long as it hasn't been stored too long, like over a year. 2) Vitamin D - Sources: sunlight, sun-cured hay, and good pasture. 3) Vitamin E - Requirements are often influenced by the presence of other substances such as selenium. Sources: most prepared rations are adequate along with adding grains to the diet. This is critical for young lambs and kids. 2. Non-ruminants like horses, rabbits, and pigs have different requirements because they have different digestive systems. a. Horses and rabbits - although they are monogastrics, both have a well developed cecum (complete with micro organisms) and can synthesize vitamins just like ruminants. 1) They respond to B vitamin supplementation, but absorption is not as efficient. 2) They do require vitamins A, D, and E in their diet. 3) Vitamin C is made in other body tissues. b. Swine - also have a simple stomach (monogastric like humans) and limited cecal activity, so they require vitamins A, D, E, and the B vitamins in their diet. Swine can synthesize vitamins C and K. 1) There are a number of required "B" vitamins including thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, pyridoxine (B6), ] acid (B12), biotin, and folic acid. 2) Sources: alfalfa meal, milk by-products, condensed fish solubles, and animal proteins. __________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: 1. Have different feed samples on hand and discuss the vitamins that each sample contains. _________________________________________________________ B. Amino Acid Synthesis 1. Definition of an amino acid - organic acids that make up proteins. Amino acids always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. The basic model is: H-C=O (R1 and R2 represent proteins) | R1-C-NH2 | R2 2. Essential Amino Acids a. These amino acids are required by the body: Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, and Lysine. (PVT TIM HALL is an easy way to remember the amino acids). b. Ruminant animals have microorganisms in the rumen that can synthesize these required amino acids given the right raw materials. In fact, rumen microbes can utilize ammonia (NH3) in the presence of adequate energy, to synthesize amino acids required for their diet. c. Nonruminant animals like swine, poultry, and humans require that the ten essential amino acids be included in the diet since there are no microbes to synthesize these. d. Horses, rabbits, and guinea pigs do synthesize some amino acids in the cecum, although absorption is very limited unless the animal eats its own feces (coprophagy), which rabbits do regularly and horses do occasionally. C. Protein Quality 1. High quality protein - contains all ten of the essential amino acids in proper balance and satisfies all requirements. a. This type of protein must be included in the diet for poultry, swine, and fish. b. High quality protein comes from animal sources such as: milk, fish meal, and meat and bone meal. 2. Low quality protein - lacks one or more of the essential amino acids or has them all, but present in improper amounts. a. Low quality proteins may be combined to meet amino acid requirements. For example: soybean meal and corn can meet all of the amino acid requirements for swine, but if feed exclusively (one without the other) serious deficiencies will occur. b. Low quality proteins are usually of plant origin. Some examples: alfalfa, soybeans, and cottonseed meal. 3. High lysine corn - This variety of corn contains 3.4 percent lysine while normal corn contains 2.0 percent lysine. Lysine is an essential amino acid and must be supplemented in diets based on corn, such as those for swine. With modern plant breeding techniques, we may see more plant varieties containing larger quantities of essential amino acids in the future. __________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: 1. Have different feed samples on hand and determine whether they contain high or low quality protein. 2. Observe a sample of high-lysine corn. Note the differences as compared to common corn varieties. __________________________________________________________ 5/2/90sg #%&C