- - AGRICULTURE CORE CURRICULUM - - (CLF3000) Advanced Core Cluster: ANIMAL SCIENCE (CLF3300) Unit Title: ANIMAL HEALTH ____________________________________________________________________________ (CLF3303) Topic: INFECTIOUS AND Time Year(s) NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES 8 hours 3 / 4 ____________________________________________________________________________ Topic Objectives: Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: Learning Outcome #: (E-3) - List the current major infectious diseases for at least four species of livestock in California and describe the symptoms, treatment, prevention, and economic significance of each. (E-4) - Identify four noninfectious causes of disease and methods of prevention for each. Special Materials and Equipment: Supplemental Worksheet #2 and slides or pictures of animals having the diseases discussed in class. References: Baker, James and William Greer, ANIMAL HEALTH. California Vocational Agriculture Curriculum Guidelines, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, "Animal Health", Vol. 1A. Ensminger, M.E. THE STOCKMAN'S HANDBOOK. Meyer, Norvan L. 1984 YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE. Evaluation: Quiz by instructor. TOPIC PRESENTATION: INFECTIOUS AND NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES A. Major Infectious Diseases 1. Respiratory System a. Pasteurellosis-respiratory infections in livestock species: 1) Caused by several types of bacteria - a) Pasteurella multocida, b) Pasteurella hemolytica, and c) may also be caused by lungworms, which irritate to the airways in the lungs. This predisposes the animal to secondary bacterial pneumonia. 2) Prevention - Vaccinate with modified live virus vaccine for parainfluenza3 and IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis). 3) Symptoms include - a) fever, increased pulse rate, depression; b) thick, white or yellow discharge from the nose; and c) coughing and "rales", which are abnormal sounds heard as air moves through the airways. 4) Treatment involves - a) placing sick animals in quiet, dry, clean, well- ventilated quarters away from drafts; b) providing easily digested nutritious feeds; and c) use of sulfonamides and antibiotics in the treatment of bacterially caused pneumonia, but it is not effective against viral pneumonia. 5) Economic Significance - a) If untreated, 50-75 percent of all affected animals will die, and b) it causes 1/5 of all nonnutritional mortality in U.S. beef cattle. b. Shipping Fever (stockyard pneumonia or pasteurellosis in cattle): 1) Cause - a) Interaction of pasteurella species, and viruses, and environmental stresses such as shipping, weaning, and sudden changes in weather. b) Spread by contact. 2) Prevention - a) Vaccinate with IBR and parainfluenza3 within 24 hours after arrival from shipping. b) Perform all stressful management procedures (branding, castrating, etc.) at least 15-30 days before shipping. c) Group cattle and calves together based on their health and arrival time. 3) Symptoms - a) pneumonia, b) high body temperature, rapid breathing, coughing, and c) nasal and watery eye discharge. 4) Treatment - a) sulfamethazine added to water in affected cattle, 1 lb. drug/100 gal. water for 4 days; b) tetracycline 5 mg/lb. for 2-4 days, or tylan 10 mg/lb; or c) injectable sulfamethazine for calves under 400 lbs. 5) Economic Significance - 5 percent mortality. c. Parainfluenza3 (cattle): 1) Cause - A virus that is spread by contact, airborne transmission, or contaminated feed, water, or equipment. 2) Prevention - Vaccinate with a modified live virus to both breeding and market livestock. 3) Symptoms - Gaunt, and depressed or lethargic behavior; high temperature, snotty nose, and a mild cough. 4) Treatment - a) Give antibiotics either IM or IV to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Possible treatments -- tetracycline- 500 mg/100 lbs. of body wt./day, or -- tylosin- 1,000 mg/100 lbs. of body wt./day, and -- Vitamin "B" complex- 5 cc/day. 5) Economic Significance - Same as other pasteurellosis respiratory infections. d. IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis) or rednose in cattle: 1) Cause - A virus that affects the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity and trachea. 2) Prevention - a) Immunity by natural exposure. b) Vaccination using a modified live virus for nonpregnant cows and heifers or a killed virus for pregnant animals. This second type of vaccination must be repeated at proscribed intervals. c) Give a booster shot to feedlot cattle if it is extremely hot or cold, and when new arrivals come in. 3) Three forms - a) respiratory, b) conjunctiva, and c) infection in the reproductive tract. 4) Symptoms - a) loss of appetite and loss of weight; b) pain in swallowing and general lethargic behavior; c) slobbering, nasal discharge, and red nose; d) fever and open mouth breathing; e) coughing and conjunctivitis, (although the lungs usually are not involved); and f) can cause abortion in inbred cows. 5) Treatment - a) There is no known treatment, however sulfonamides and antibiotics effectively combat secondary bacterial invaders that accompany this disease. b) In other aspects, the treatment is the same as for parainfluenza3. 6) Economic Significance - a) The main economic losses are due to poor growth or loss of weight, abortions, the expense of treatment, and loss of time. b) Death losses rarely exceed 5 percent. e. Strangles (distemper) horses: 1) Cause - An acute, contagious bacterial infection from a bacterium called Streptococcus equi. 2) Prevention - a) Vaccination is the best prevention, but sometimes the horse will react to the vaccination or go through a phase where the horse is more susceptible to the disease. b) Contamination often occurs at horse shows, trail rides, and other events where many horses are brought together. c) Expose all the horses if one horse gets it. 3) Symptoms - a) depression, b) high fever, increased respiration, c) discharge of mucous from the nose, from the infected lymph node, and d) upper respiratory infection that includes the lymph nodes of the head and neck. The glands under the jaw enlarge and eventually break open and discharge pus. Abscesses are formed and can rupture and drain either externally or internally. 4) Treatment - a) Good nursing is most important. This includes clean fresh water, good feed and shelter with uniform temperature and no drafts. b) The veterinarian may prescribe a sulfa drug or antibiotic. 5) Economic Significance - a) seen world wide, but b) death losses are usually low. f. Equine Influenza (flu): 1) Cause - Any one of a group of related viruses which are highly contagious and are transmitted airborne particles or contaminated feed, water, and equipment. 2) Prevention - a) Vaccination with a killed virus using 2 doses, each animal must then be vaccinated annually. b) All new animals should be isolated for 3 weeks and any sick animals should be quarantined. 3) Symptoms - a) rapid rise in temperature which may reach 106o F, b) increased pulse and respiration rate, c) extreme weakness, d) dry cough, e) weight loss, f) nasal or ocular discharge, and g) usually affects young horses, ages 1 to 3 years. 4) Treatment - a) Treatment is best done by a veterinarian. b) The use of antibiotics or sulfa drugs may prevent some of the complicated secondary conditions. c) Affected horses need complete rest for 3 weeks to recover totally. 5) Economic Significance - a) Frequently occurs where large numbers of horses are assembled such as race tracks, shows, and sales. b) It interrupts training, racing, and showing so the economic impact of this disease is significant. c) Mortality rate is very low, but horses can be incapacitated for up to 6 months. g. Viral Rhinopneumonitis (horses): 1) Cause - a) Equine herpes virus via airborne transmission and contaminated objects. b) There are two forms: 1) respiratory, and 2) reproductive. 2) Prevention - a) Vaccinate foals and mature horses with an initial shot and then an annual booster shot. b) Pregnant mares are vaccinated 2 months after conception and given a booster shot 2 months later to prevent exposure and abortion. c) Vaccinate with the influenza vaccine. 3) Symptoms - a) inflammation of respiratory tract; b) fever; c) poor appetite, depression; d) increased pulse and respiration, mild cough; and e) abortion of foals. 4) Treatment - a) There is none for exposed pregnant mares. b) Use antibiotics to protect foals from secondary bacterial infections. c) Use tetracycline IV on foals, 500 mg/100 lbs/day. 5) Economic Significance - Money is lost in breeding operations because of abortions. h. Atrophic Rhinitis (swine): 1) Cause - a) Bacterium; Pasteurella multocida and Bortatella bronchiseptica. b) It is transmitted from the sow to her litter. c) Spread rapidly at weaning time when litters are mixed. 2) Prevention - a) Select breeding stock from herds known to be clean and isolate the purchased animals for 30 days or until the litters have been weaned without showing symptoms. b) Select feeder pigs above 60-80 pounds, as they are less susceptible than smaller pigs. c) Separate litters into different age groups. d) Vaccinate with a bacterin licensed by the USDA. 3) Symptoms - a) Persistent sneezing and sniffling is the first symptom. This sneezing becomes more pronounced as the pigs grow older. b) At 4-6 weeks of age the snout begins to wrinkle or bulge and thicken. c) At 8-16 weeks, the snout and face may twist to one side. d) Nose bleeds are common and there might be some mucous discharge. e) Some pigs may develop pneumonia because their defense system again respiratory infection has been damaged. f) Slow, inefficient growth rate. 4) Treatment - a) The bacteria causing this disease is sensitive to sulfonamide drugs (sulfamethiazine, sodium sulfathiazole). b) Young animals should be treated for 5 weeks. c) Infected sows must be removed to isolation. 5) Economic Significance - a) it is widespread in the U.S., b) with from 5-10 percent of all slaughter hogs show signs of this disease, and c) mortality is low. 2. Digestive Tract: a. Scours (calf diarrhea): 1) Cause - a) is by a bacteria (Escherichia coli) that lives in the intestine, b) includes viruses (Rota virus and Corona virus), c) bacterium (clostridia and salmonella); d) non-infectious causes include overfeeding, irregular feeding, or poor living quarters. 2) Prevention - a) Insure adequate colostrum intake by the newborn calf, within one hour after birth, and dip navel cord in iodine. b) Good sanitation of the calf barn and maternity stalls, including manure removal, sterilization of calf buckets, bottles, nipples, and calf crates. c) Avoid overcrowding, stress, and other bad environmental conditions. d) Feed 5 percent of calves' body weight/day, up to 1 gal/day until weaning. 3) Symptoms - a) severe diarrhea and tucked up abdomen; b) dehydration as indicated by sunken flanks, sunken eyes, hide sticks together when pinched; c) weakness, high temperature, rapid breathing; and d) loss of appetite. 4) Treatment - a) Severely affected diarrheic calves should not be fed milk for 24 to 48 hours, instead a water and electrolyte solution should be provided. Weak calves should be fed via an IV. b) Antibiotics can be administered either orally or by injection. A veterinarian should recommend an anti- biotic since some types of bacteria-causing scours are resistant to certain types of antibiotics. 5) Economic Significance - a) It causes more calf deaths than all other diseases combined. b) It is estimated that 10-20 percent of all calves in the U.S. are affected by the disease. c) It costs the cattle industry about $200 million annually. b. Bovine Viral Diarrhea: 1) Cause - The virus is spread by contact and footwear, and is present in feces and urine. 2) Prevention - a) Vaccinate with a modified live virus after maternal antibodies disappear and before the calf reaches breeding age. b) An annual booster is given, however pregnant cows should NOT BE VACCINATED. 3) Symptoms - a) fever, dry cough and discharge from nose; b) lameness; c) diarrhea; d) loss of weight; e) erosions appear on lips and dental pads; and f) abortions. 4) Treatment - There is no specific treatment, but antibodies and sulfides are given to fight secondary infection. 5) Economic Significance - the approximate mortality rate is 10 percent. c. Transmissible Gastroenteritis (swine): 1) Cause - a) Normally it is a virus that invades body cells. b) It is very serious in young pigs, because they can not mobilize sufficient body reserves of nutrients and fluids to cope with the losses from diarrhea. 2) Prevention - a) Infected sows will offer immunity only while pigs are nursing. b) There are no real immunizations for the viruses. 3) Symptoms - a) yellowish diarrhea, b) vomiting, and c) dehydration. 4) Treatment - There is no known treatment, just management factors. 5) Economic Significance - It is a major problem with producers who farrow pigs. d. Contagious Ecthyma (sore mouth): 1) Cause - a) It is a highly contagious, filterable virus that affects the skin around the mouth or udder. b) It is spread by contact with abrasions. 2) Prevention - a) Good sanitation is one important step. b) Vaccination will produce immunity. (The vaccine is made of finely ground scabs containing the live virus.) 3) Symptoms - affects lambs and kids under one year of age, and can even affect man, by developing lesions on arms and hands. a) Refusal to eat and consequent weight loss is typical. b) Lesions occur in the mouth and small vesicles occur on lips and tongue which break and form sores. 4) Treatment - Application of antibiotic ointment to lesions should be made until they are dry. 5) Economic Significance - a) Commonly seen throughout the U.S. b) The mortality rate is low, but it is of economic importance in that it results in unthriftiness and loss of weight. e. Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease, pulpy kidney): 1) Cause - a) An anaerobic bacteria, Clostridium perfringens causes a disease, producing a type D toxin, which is absorbed in the blood. b) The toxin is produced in the intestinal tract, and is a fatal poisoning of sheep. c) Gorging on highly nutritive feed ingredients that are high in carbohydrates promotes this disease. 2) Prevention - a) Make gradual changes in types of feed and in increases in feed. b) Vaccinate with a bacterin or toxoid soon after the young are started on grain. c) Vaccination of pregnant ewes may be done at least 3 weeks prior to lambing, for a 6 week passive immunity, then vaccinate lambs 2 doses, 4 weeks apart, and it will take 10 days to gain immunity. d) Watch your heavy eaters and heavy milk producing ewes. 3) Symptoms - a) There is a loss of appetite, diarrhea, and sluggishness. b) The course of the disease is acute so that affected animals die within a few hours. c) Affects sheep of all ages in a high state of nutrition (on a lush feed of grain, milk, or grass). 4) Treatment - a) Rotate animals with feeds, by backing off stronger feeds. b) Use type D antitoxin for a 2-3 week immunity, and c) sort lambs by size. 5) Economic Significance - This disease is responsible for the largest number of death losses in lambs in western feedlots. f. Bluetongue (sheep): 1) Cause - a) is an infectious, yet non-contagious viremia of ruminants; b) there are 4 different strains of virus; and c) it is transmitted by blood-sucking gnats, especially affecting sheep just recently shorn. 2) Prevention - a) Do not move sheep into affected areas when gnats are active. b) Vaccinate animals at shearing time. c) Do not vaccinate pregnant ewes during the first two weeks of gestation. 3) Symptoms - a) fever, depression, and loss of appetite; b) nasal discharge, salivation, and lameness; and c) the mouth and nose become deep red because of excessive blood to the area. 1. Then tissues become bluish in color and lips swell. 2. Ulcers appear on the tongue and inside of the mouth and nose. 4) Treatment - a) Antibiotic treatment for secondary infections and pneumonia. b) Isolate sick animals and provide them with good feed and clean bedding. 5) Economic Significance - The virus itself does not kill the sheep;.however resistance to other diseases is weakened, especially to pneumonia. g. Swine dysentary (bloody scours): 1) Cause - is a bacterium, vibrio colial (although there are other potential unknown causes). 2) Prevention - a) Avoid purchasing stock at public stockyards and auction rings. b) Isolate newly acquired animals and practice rigid sanitation. 3) Symptoms - a) profuse bloody diarrhea, feces may be black instead of bloody; b) most affected animals go off feed; and c) some pigs die suddenly after a few days, while others linger on for weeks. 4) Treatment - a) Good management and nursing will help, milk seems to assist in recovery. b) Some of the antibiotics, sulfonamides, and quinoxalines administered by veterinarians may reduce death losses. 5) Economic Significance - a) It is most common in the Corn Belt, where the swine population is dense. b) The death rate may vary from less than 10 percent to more than 90 percent. 3. Genitourinary System a. Leptospirosis (cattle and swine): 1) Cause - Leptospira pomona bacterial which easily are transmitted in high concentrations of livestock. 2) Prevention - vaccination with a commercial bacterin. 3) Symptoms - a) fever, b) depression, c) anorexia, d) abortions, and e) anemia. 4) Treatment - a) broad spectrum antibiotics, and b) oxytetrecycline (500 mg/100 lbs. body wt/day). 5) Economic Significance - a) It is widespread throughout the U.S., affecting all livestock, including all ages, all breeds, and both sexes. b) The highest mortality is seen in young. b. Vibriosis (cattle): 1) Cause - a) Is a bacterium, Vibrio fetus which is introduced during coitus or artificial insemination. b) This venereal disease which causes a uterine infection is spread through infected semen. 2) Prevention - Vaccinate all cattle annually or keep a clean herd. 3) Symptoms - a) infertility or delayed conception, b) irregular estrous cycles, c) inflammatory changes of genital tract, and d) abortion. 4) Treatment - a) Use vaccinations to bring existing herd problems under control. b) Administer penicillin and dihydrostreptomycin to affected cattle. 5) Economic Significance - a) infection rate in a herd can be up to 100 percent, and b) the result is poor breeding production numbers and a loss of production income. c. Trichomoniasis (cattle): 1) Cause - is a bacterial venereal disease, Tritrichomonas, fetus, which is spread by sexual contact from an introduced bull or cow. 2) Prevention - a) Check replacement cattle before entering your herd. b) Use A.I. instead of natural service. c) Sexual rest for a herd for 90 days, and then treat the infected cows. 3) Symptoms - a) infertility, b) inflamed genitalia area, vaginitis, and abortion; c) some problems occur simultaneously with vibriosis. 4) Treatment - a) slaughter infected bulls, b) clean and treat genitals of infected animals, and c) sexual rest for 90 days. 5) Economic Significance - same as Vibriosis. d. Mastitis: 1) Cause - a) A bacteria which produces an inflammation of the udder. b) Dirty equipment, stress, a physical blow to the mammary system, or a cut. 2) Prevention - a) use of correct milking procedures and once a month testing; b) disinfecting the teat and teat cups with a disinfectant; c) sanitary housing conditions; and d) milking the cattle on schedule. 3) Treatment - a) sulfa drugs, antibiotics, and azium compounds; b) infuse infected quarters with proper medication; and c) milk out cow 5-6 times per day. 4) Symptoms - a) swollen, warm, and painful udder; b) stringy or clotty milk; c) depression, and lameness. 5) Economic Significance - It is the most expensive disease in the dairy industry, resulting in a loss of 400 million dollars annually. 4. Circulatory System - a. Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA, swamp fever): 1) Cause - a virus spread by objects that transfer blood, like biting insects and surgical needles. 2) Prevention - a) The "Coggins Test" is a blood test used for diagnosing the disease, testing for EIA antibodies. A positive reactor is identified with a lip tattoo or visible brand. These horses cannot be moved out of state except for slaughter or approved research purposes. b) All imported horses are tested for this disease and some states require a "Coggins Test" before horses can be transported across state lines. c) Always use disposable needles when vaccinating horses. d) There is no known vaccine for EIA. 3) Symptoms - a) high and intermittent fever; b) depression and lethargic behavior; c) stiffness and weakness, especially in the hindquarters; d) anemia; e) swelling of the lower body and legs; and f) jaundice (yellowing). 4) Treatment - none currently in use. 5) Economic Significance - Of the horses tested in 1974 about 2.56 percent tested positive for EIA. 5. Nervous System - a. Equine Encephalomyelitis (sleeping sickness): 1) Caused by 3 distinct strains of viruses, causing an inflammation of the brain - a) eastern equine encephalomyelitis, EEE. b) western equine encephalomyelitis, WEE. c) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, VEE. 2) Prevention - a) Vaccination against all 3 strains is recommended. b) Birds and wild rodents are natural disease hosts for the western strain. c) Mosquitoes also transmit the disease. 3) Symptoms - a) animal walks aimlessly about bumping into things; b) incoordination and circling in one direction; c) grinding of the teeth; d) sleepy appearance, depression, and high fever; e) inability to swallow due to paralysis of the lips, and drooping of lower lip. f) If the affected animal does not recover, death occurs in 2-4 days. 4) Treatment - is not very effective because of the rapid progress of the disease; however, good nursing can be useful in bringing the animal back to a full recovery. 5) Economic Significance: a) Since 1930, the eastern and western strains have assumed alarming proportions. b) Mortality for the western strain usually does not exceed 50 percent, whereas the eastern and Venezuelan strains have 90 percent mortality rates. b. Tetanus (lockjaw): 1) Cause - a) Toxins from the bacterium Clostridium tetani produce tetanus. b) Since spores are in the soil and manure, they enter and multiply through deep wound infections that are sealed off from air and (anaerobic environment) produce a potent toxin. 2) Prevention - a) annual booster shot of tetanus toxoid, b) use of an antitoxin will give temporary passive immunity, and c) maintain a clean, safe environment. 3) Symptoms - a) spasmodic contractions of voluntary muscles, muscle stiffness, and jaw muscle spasms (seen especially in horses and sheep); b) shallow, rapid breathing; c) third eyelid protruding; d) sweating, and death finally. 4) Treatment - a) is long and expensive, b) is impractical in pigs and lambs, and c) animals must be sedated and force feed. 5) Economic Significance - 80 percent mortality in adults. c. Pseudorabies ("mad itch" -- swine and cattle): 1) Cause - From an acute viral infection, contagious in swine, but not to cattle. Infected swine will bite cattle which will spread it to the cattle. 2) Prevention - a) control rat population to prevent transmission, b) blood tests, and c) replace stock that test positive (there is no recommended vaccine). 3) Symptoms - a) cattle will lick, bite, and rub the site of infection; b) incoordination and muscle spasms are apparent; c) paralysis and convulsions follow in 1-2 days; and finally death. (Older pigs may show subclinical signs and have just a fever and poor appetite.) 4) Treatment - Currently no effective treatment is available. 5) Economic Significance - a) Sows will abort or have dead pigs. b) Infected animals must be culled, causing serious financial loses in affected herds. 6. General Diseases a. Pinkeye: 1) Cause - a) A bacteria (Moraxella bovis) that lives in the eye of recovered cattle/calves. b) It starts as a result of an irritant such as dust or plant fibers in the eye. c) Flies can spread the bacteria to other noninfected cattle. 2) Prevention - a) control of face flies by manure removal and insecticide ear tags, b) reduce exposure to dust which irritates eyes, and c) use of dust bags which cattle will walk under. 3) Symptoms - a) inflammation of the eye which can cause blindness, b) ocular discharge, c) inflammation of the conjunctiva, and d) ulceration of the area. 4) Treatment - a) Application of antibiotics or sulfa drugs to the affected eye in the form powders, sprays, or ointments usually given twice daily. b) Recovery is speeded up by keeping the infected animal in a dark barn or by covering the eye with an eye patch. 5) Economic Significance - a) Pinkeye is encountered in nearly half of U.S. beef cattle herds. b) Widespread throughout the U.S. in range cattle and feedlot cattle. c) It reduces productivity of affected animals and increases labor costs related to the required treatment. b. Foot Rot: 1) Cause - a soil organism (Bacteroides nodosus) in conjunction with Fusobacterium necrophorum. 2) Prevention - a) drain muddy pastures and remove sharp stones, and b) purchase disease free foundation and replacement stock. 3) Symptoms - a) lameness (affected animals may graze on their knees); b) reddening and swelling just above the hoof, between the toes; and c) foul smelling feet. 4) Treatment - a) Trim feet of sheep showing symptoms. The whole flock must be treated or it will become a flock problem. b) Walk all sheep through a suitable disinfectant solution (zinc sulfate), two weeks after initial treatment, and examine feet for reoccurrence of the disease. 5) Economic Significance - a) It seldom causes death, however it may severely affect production by causing weight loss, lowered milk production and stunting growth in lambs. b) Males may be rendered useless at breeding time as a result of foot rot. c. Erysipelas (swine): 1) Cause - is by a bacteria (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae). 2) Prevention - a) vaccinate using a vaccine or bacterin at 8-12 weeks, b) isolate purchased animals for 30 days, c) revaccinate breeding stock one month before each farrowing with a bacterin, and d) use a live-culture strain of the bacteria of low virulence, as it has a high immunizing potential. 3) Symptoms - a) This disease occurs in 3 forms, - acute septicemic form: It resembles hog cholera, affected animals show a high fever and frequently there is edema of the nose, ears, and limbs. Eyes remain clear. There may be purplish patches under the belly similar to hog cholera. Hogs go off feed and vomiting occurs. Arched backs and pain is seen in their joints. - subacute, diamond skin form: Less severe symptoms; there are reddish rectangular patches in the skin and there may be a partial sloughing off of the skin on the ears and tail. - chronic form: The knees and hocks are generally swollen and stiff; the animals' backs arch and these are signs of lameness; loss of portions of skin, ears, tail, feet, and general skin lesions also are common. b) Most serious in pigs 3-12 months of age, but hogs of all ages are susceptible. 4) Treatment - Antiserum works well if given early enough, but it is expensive. It may be given in conjunction with an antibiotic like penicillin. 5) Economic Significance - a) it is seen throughout the U.S., and b) death losses may range from 50-75 percent in the acute form in an infected herd. d. Navel ill: 1) Cause - by bacterium and viruses entering newborn livestock through the umbilical cord. 2) Prevention - a) clean birthing environment, b) dip navel stump into iodine solution, and c) make sure newborns receive colostrum. 3) Symptoms - a) joint abscesses, b) depression, c) slow growth, d) local inflammation around the navel, and e) dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. 4) Treatment - a) antibiotics, b) anti-serum in newborns for 4 days, and c) electrolytes for dehydrated animals. 5) Economic Significance - a) loss of newborns, and b) unthriftiness and slow growth of those pigs that recover. 7. Other Diseases (that can cause economic disasters): a. Eradicated diseases - 1) hog cholera, and 2) hoof and mouth disease. b. Extensive control program currently in place - 1) tuberculosis, 2) brucellosis, and 3) anthrax (which has a localized vaccine available). __________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: 1. Complete Supplemental worksheet #2. 2. Show slides or observe pictures of animals affected with the diseases discussed in lecture. __________________________________________________________ B. Noninfectious Disease Causing Agents 1. Diseases that are caused by non-contagious, non-living agents: a. Nutritional deficiencies (further discussed in the nutrition unit of the Animal Science Cluster). Young animals should be fed with care so that no imbalance of nutrients or a deficiency of nutrients occurs, which could bring on a disease or a lowered resistance to disease. b. Metabolic disorders where livestock cannot properly utilize nutrients (covered in nutrition). c. Trauma and wound injuries - 1) Review "Livestock Tools, Equipment, and Restraint CLF3101-03". 2) Through good management and sensible practices, all livestock injuries should be eliminated. The following are suggestions for avoiding injuries: a) Keep corrals and enclosures in good repair which should keep animals from attempting to escape. b) Nails and other protruding objects should be removed to eliminate the possibility of injury. -Tetanus (lock jaw) is a disease that can be caused by this type of injury. It is caused by the entrance of an anaerobic bacteria into a puncture wound. c) Metal objects and equipment should never be left in livestock areas as they may become a source of injury. -"Hardware Disease" is a problem seen in ruminant animals, especially in cattle, where a nail or wire is eaten and lodges in the reticulum. It may penetrate the rumen and puncture other organs causing a slow, painful death or long term unthriftiness. d. Toxic materials, metallic and chemical poisons - 1) In the everyday pursuits of modern agriculture, more and more chemicals are being used that may be poisonous to animals under certain conditions. a) Read and heed labels on containers. b) Dispose of containers where animals (and children) do not have access to them. 2) Clinical diagnosis of poisoning is difficult and expensive.and often too late. 3) If accidental poisoning does occur, the following steps should be followed: a) Isolate animals so they can be given adequate care and treatment, b) protect them from environmental extremes, and c) allow them to eat feeds known to be safe. e. Poisonous plants, phytotoxins - 1) This will be covered in more detail in the Range Management Unit CLF3400. 2) Heaviest losses to poisonous plants occur on western ranges due to frequent overgrazing. 3) Losses also may occur due to consumption of ornamental plants like oleanders and ferns. 4) General conditions that might indicate plant poisoning include: a) sudden onset of obscure illness with no known cause; b) large number of animals with acute disorders of the central nervous system or digestive tract; c) increased heart rate, stomach, and intestinal irritation, and general distress; and d) extreme weakness, collapse, and dypsnea (shortness of breath). f. Congenital defects - 1) See the unit in this cluster on "Animal Genetics and Breeding." CLF3250. Supplemental Worksheet #2 INFECTIOUS DISEASES NAME_____________________________________ DATE_____________________________________ PER._____________________________________ Complete the following chart on common livestock diseases: ============================================================================= Disease | Species | | | | Name | Affected | Cause | Prevention | Signs | Treatment __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 1. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 2. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 3. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 4. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 5. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 6. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | __________|__________|_____________|_______________|_____________|____________ 5/10/90sg #%&C