- - AGRICULTURE CORE CURRICULUM - - (CLF6000) Advanced Core Cluster: ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE (CLF6700) Unit Title: LANDSCAPE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE ____________________________________________________________________________ (CLF6701) Topic: PLANT SELECTION AND DESIGN Time Year(s) 4 hours 3 / 4 ____________________________________________________________________________ Topic Objectives: Upon completion of this lesson, the student will be able to: Learning Outcome #: (M-1) - Identify 30 plants and shrubs that require full sun and 30 plants and shrubs that require shade. - Demonstrate an understanding of the principles and uses of planting design as they relate to the following: (M-2) - Prepare a simple landscape design. (M-3) - Prepare a landscape plot from a plan layout. Special Materials and Equipment: 75 copies of the supplemental worksheet (provided under the first student activity below) should be provided for each student. Print one side only. The Sunset WESTERN GARDEN BOOK and W. Conner's BACKPOCKET GUIDE TO ORNAMENTAL PLANTS should be available for student use, either individually or working in pairs; drawing vellum with 1/4" grid, drawing supplies, and architect's scales. References: Conner, E. Wesley. (1979). BACKPOCKET GUIDE TO ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. San Luis Obispo, CA: California Polytechnic State University, Vocational Education Productions. Hannebaum, Leroy. (1981). LANDSCAPE DESIGN: A PRACTICAL APPROACH. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Company. Ingels, Jack E. (1987). LANDSCAPING (3rd ed.). Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers. Editors of Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine. (1984). LANDSCAPING ILLUSTRATED. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Publishing Co. Editors of Sunset Books and Sunset Magazine. (1988). WESTERN GARDEN BOOK. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Publishing Co. Evaluation: Unit Exam ===================================================================== *** INSTRUCTORS PLEASE NOTE *** The detail of this topic presentation goes beyond the scope necessary to meet the requirements of the Core Cluster in this area. It will take longer to teach than indicated above if covered entirely. It is included for local enrichment as appropriate to the class. ===================================================================== TOPIC PRESENTATION: PLANT SELECTION AND DESIGN REVIEW: For a review of plant identification, see topic plan (CLF6108) Identifying Ornamental Plants. A. Plants in the Landscape: While it takes many different elements to make up a complete landscape, the most important element in most people's minds is the plantscape. Plants are unmatched for softening and beautifying our surroundings. The various textures and shades of green are almost limitless, as are the many floral colors offered by landscape plants. 1. Plant Selection and Use: Considered one at a time, there are too many plants to choose from for any one landscape use. It is helpful to consider the use of plants by group. Following are a number of categories for organizing plants for landscape design. a. Basic Plants for the Landscape: These types of plants will be used in most landscapes to provide a foundation of functional plant material. 1) Hedges and Screening Plants: These have dense foliage from the ground up, and can be used to visually screen out objectionable views or provide privacy, e.g.,. Berberis spp. (barberries) and Ligustrum spp. (privets). 2) Background Plants: Any shrub or tree planting which provides a backdrop for a showy plant or a structure. Usually they are large plants, e.g., Rhamnus alaternus (Italian buckthorn) and Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood). 3) Trees for the Garden: Provide height and bulk for the landscape, e.g., Liquidambar spp. (sweet gum) and Quercus spp. (oaks). 4) Plants to Establish the Landscape Quickly: Fast-growing plants which will start to play their mature role in the landscape within one to four years, e.g., Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) and Hydrangea spp. 5) Groundcovers: Plants which substitute for lawns or provide color and texture over large open areas, often on slopes, e.g., Gazania spp. and Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese spurge). 6) Windbreaks: A planting of usually tall, wind-tolerant plants which modify the wind currents around the landscape site. The windbreak effect is felt about 1 1/2 times the height of the planting, e.g., Dodonaea viscosa (hopseed bush), Eucalyptus spp., and Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey cypress). 7) Street Trees: Trees for planting along the street, usually subject to confined space with limited nutrients, water, and oxygen. Must be deep-rooted and relatively free of litter and mess, e.g., Tristania laurina (swamp myrtle) and Ficus microcarpa 'Nitida' (Indian laurel fig). 8) Barrier Plants: A planting used to deter foot traffic or access and to define boundaries, usually dense, often thorny, e.g., Pyracantha spp. (firethorn) and Acacia verticillata (prickly Moses). b. Plants for Specific Effects: Plants are used to achieve many special effects in the landscape. Following are some of the special uses of plants and some examples of plants which can be used for such purposes. 1) Vines and Plants that Climb: Used to soften the appearance of structures or hide fences. For show, bright flowers are often desirable on vines, e.g., Thunbergia alata (black-eyed Susan vine) and Clematis armandii (evergreen clematis). 2) Plants that Attract Birds: Examples are Ribes spp.(currants) and Fuchsia spp. 3) Plants for Rock Gardens: Low-growing perennials and shrubs as well as dwarf trees with mounding form, tolerant of well-drained, gravelly conditions, e.g., Helianthemum nummularium (sun rose) and Armeria maritima (sea pink). 4) Plants for Fall Color: Foliage which turns color in the fall, e.g., Acer rubrum (red maple) and Pistacia chinensis (Chinese pistache). 5) Plants for Espalier and Topiary: Plants which are trained flat against a wall or fence (espalier) or shaped into geometric or animal-like shapes (topiary), e.g., Grewia occidentalis (lavender starflower) and Buxus microphylla var. japonica (dwarf Japanese boxwood). 6) Plants with Variegated and Colored Leaves: These plants add color to the landscape without having to be in bloom, e.g., Pittosporum tobira 'Variagata' (variegated tobira) and Prunus cerasifera 'Atropurpurea' (purple-leafed flowering plum). 7) Plants with Colorful Fruits: Provide seasonal color from fruits and berries, e.g., Cotoneaster spp. (clusterberries) and persimmons. 8) Fragrant Foliage and Flowers: Examples are Cistus spp. (rockroses) and Lathyrus odoratus (sweet peas). 9) Trees for the Patio: These trees should be small in stature and be free of problems such as excessive litter and shallow, invasive roots, e.g., Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) and Lagerstroemia indica (crape myrtle). 10) Flowers in the Summer: Examples are Hydrangea macrophylla (garden hydrangea) and Rosa spp. (roses). 11) Flowers in the Fall: Examples are Chrysanthemum spp. and Nerium oleander (oleander). 12) Flowers in the Winter: Examples are Euphorbia pulcherrima (poinsettia) and Primula spp. (primroses). 13) Flowers in the Spring: Examples are Tulipa spp. (tulips) and Forsythia spp. 14) Plants for Interior Plantscapes: These must be able to survive with low light levels, e.g., Aglaonema spp. (Chinese evergreen) and Ficus elastica (rubber plant). 15) Standards: A plant grown in a single-trunked form which otherwise might be a vine or shrub, e.g., Rosa spp. (roses) and Podocarpus gracilior (fern pine). 16) Specimen Plant: A tree or shrub with an outstanding quality of form, color, flower, fruit, etc., which merits viewing alone, e.g., Magnolia stellata (star magnolia) and Rhododendron spp. 17) Shade Tree: A large evergreen or deciduous tree with a high, dense canopy creating shady areas beneath, e.g., Ulmus spp. (elms) and Salix babylonica (weeping willow). 18) Lawn Tree: A tree that can thrive in the irrigated environment of a lawn without its roots ruining the lawn, e.g., Cedrus deodara (deodar cedar) and Pittosporum undulatum (Victorian box). 19) Edging or Border Plant: Usually low-growing plants used to define a bed or give a bed a finished look; they can be annuals, perennials, or shrubs, e.g., Iberis sempervirens (evergreen candytuft) and Buxus microphylla var. japonica (dwarf Japanese boxwood). 20) Avenue Tree: Trees used for planting along streets without sidewalk confinement, usually for a large-scale formal effect, e.g., Platanus X acerifolia (London plane tree) and many palms. 21) Bedding Plant/Mass Planting: Usually annuals massed for color effect; they are chosen according to color, exposure, height, texture, etc., e.g., Viola X wittrockiana (pansy), Tulipa spp. (tulips) and Tagetes spp. (marigolds). c. Problem-Solving Plants: These plants solve difficult landscaping situations, thriving under conditions in which most plants would perform poorly or die. 1) Plants that Resist Soil Diseases: Oak root fungus and verticillium wilt make it impossible for some plants to survive in some soils. Other plants are resistant, e.g., Cercis occidentalis (Western redbud) and Mimulus spp. (monkeyflower). 2) Plants that Tolerate Shade: Shade-tolerant plants are important for many landscaping situations, especially around buildings and under established trees, e.g., Abutilon spp. (Chinese bellflower) and Sarcococca ruscifolia (sweet box). 3) Plants for Coastal Conditions: Salty air, cool winds, and sandy, fast-leaching soils are difficult conditions for plants to grow in. Certain plants are required if the seaside landscape is to survive, e.g., Echium fastuosum (pride of Madiera) and Myoporum laetum (myoporum). 4) Plants that take Poor Drainage: Water must drain quickly or plant roots suffer for lack of oxygen. Nonetheless, some plants do relatively well in soggy soils, solving some difficult landscaping situations, e.g., Populus spp. (poplars) and Gaultheria shallon (salal). 5) Plants for Slopes and Erosion Control: Plants can prevent erosion by holding the soil with their roots and by lessening the impact of falling and flowing water, e.g., Osteospermum fruticosum (freeway daisy) and Hedera canariensis (Algerian ivy). 6) Plants Tolerant of Reflected Heat: South and west facing walls reflect light and heat, creating an environment too hot for most plants. Plants which survive or even thrive in such heat include Nerium oleander (oleander) and Callistemon citrinus (lemon bottlebrush). 7) Drought Tolerant Plants: There is a high demand today for plants that can thrive with little water once they are established. This is particularly important in arid locations such as southern California. Examples of such plants are Correa pulchella (Australian fuchsia) and Lavandula angustifolia (English lavender). 8) Plants for Poolside: Plants near the swimming pool should be free of spines or prickles and should be relatively litter-free in order to keep the pool clean, e.g., Clivia miniata (Kaffir lily) and Strelitzia reginae (bird-of- paradise). 2. Common Ornamental Plants: The plants listed below are commonly used in designing landscapes. They are grouped according to type, i.e., trees, ground covers, house plants, etc. While this list is far from exhaustive, the plants listed here have a wide variety of characteristics and potential uses. Most basic planting design needs can be met using the plants from this list. ===================================================================== *** NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR*** For all hybrid species listed below, the muliplication sign "X" has been inserted between the genus name and the specific epithet, in accordance with the rules of horticultural nomenclature. In common usage this symbol is usually dropped. ===================================================================== COMMON ORNAMENTAL PLANTS ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS ____ Agapanthus orientalis . . . . . . . . . . lily-of-the-Nile ____ Ageratum houstonianum . . . . . . . . . . .floss flower ____ Antirrhinum majus . . . . . . . . . . . . .snapdragon ____ Asplenium bulbiferum . . . . . . . . . . . mother fern ____ Begonia X semperflorens-cultorum. . . . . .bedding begonia ____ Calendula officinalis . . . . . . . . . . .calendula, pot marigold ____ Callistephus chinensis . . . . . . . . . . China aster ____ Catharanthus roseus . . . . . . . . . . . .Madagascar periwinkle ____ Celosia cristata . . . . . . . . . . . . . cockscomb ____ Centaurea cineraria . . . . . . . . . . . .dusty miller ____ Chrysanthemum frutescens . . . . . . . . . marguerite daisy ____ Chrysanthemum X superbum . . . . . . . . . Shasta daisy ____ Chrysanthemum X morifolium . . . . . . . . florist's chrysanthemum ____ Dahlia merckii & hybrids. . . . . . . . . .bedding dahlia ____ Dianthus barbatus . . . . . . . . . . . . .sweet William ____ Dianthus caryophyllus . . . . . . . . . . .carnation ____ Dietes vegeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .fortnight lily ____ Gladiolus X hortulanus . . . . . . . . . . garden gladiolus ____ Hemerocallis spp. & hybrids . . . . . . . daylily ____ Hyacinthus orientalis . . . . . . . . . . .common hyacinth ____ Iberis sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . . evergreen candytuft ____ Impatiens wallerana . . . . . . . . . . . .impatiens ____ Iris spp. & hybrids. . . . . . . . . . . . bearded iris ____ Liriope muscari . . . . . . . . . . . . . .big blue lily-turf ____ Lobelia erinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lobelia ____ Lobularia maritima . . . . . . . . . . . . sweet alyssum ____ Matthiola incana . . . . . . . . . . . . . stock ____ Narcissus spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . daffodil ____ Papaver nudicaule . . . . . . . . . . . . .Iceland poppy ____ Pelargonium X hortorum . . . . . . . . . . common geranium ____ Pelargonium peltatum . . . . . . . . . . . ivy geranium ____ Petunia X hybrida . . . . . . . . . . . . .petunia ____ Primula X polyantha . . . . . . . . . . . .English primrose ____ Ranunculus asiaticus . . . . . . . . . . . Persian ranunculus ____ Tagetes spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . marigold ____ Tulipa spp. & hybrids. . . . . . . . . . . tulip ____ Viola X wittrockiana . . . . . . . . . . . pansy ____ Zinnia elegans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zinnia HOUSE PLANTS ____ Aeschynanthus radicans . . . . . . . . . . lipstick plant ____ Aglaonema spp. & hybrids . . . . . . . . . Chinese evergreen ____ Aphelandra squarrosa . . . . . . . . . . . zebra plant ____ Aspidistra elatior . . . . . . . . . . . . cast iron plant ____ Chamaedorea elegans . . . . . . . . . . . .neanthe bella palm ____ Chlorophytum comosum . . . . . . . . . . . spider plant ____ Cissus antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . .kangaroo vine ____ Cissus rhombifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . Venezuela grape ivy ____ Codiaeum variegatum . . . . . . . . . . . .croton ____ Coleus X hybridus . . . . . . . . . . . . .coleus ____ Cordyline terminalis . . . . . . . . . . . ti plant ____ Cyclamen persicum . . . . . . . . . . . . .florist's cyclamen ____ Davallia trichomanoides . . . . . . . . . .squirrel's foot fern ____ Dieffenbachia spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . dumb cane ____ Dizygotheca elegantissima . . . . . . . . .threadleaf false aralia ____ Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii' . . . . . .striped dracaena palm ____ Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' . . . . . .corn-plant ____ Dracaena marginata . . . . . . . . . . . . Madagascar dragon tree ____ Epipremnum aureum . . . . . . . . . . . . .golden pothos ____ Ficus benjamina . . . . . . . . . . . . . .weeping Chinese fig ____ Ficus elastica 'Decora' . . . . . . . . . .wide leaf rubber plant ____ Ficus lyrata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiddleleaf fig ____ Hedera helix 'Needle Point' . . . . . . . .needle point ivy ____ Maranta leuconeura . . . . . . . . . . . . prayer plant ____ Monstera deliciosa . . . . . . . . . . . . split leaf philodendron ____ Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis' . . . .Boston fern ____ Peperomia argyreia . . . . . . . . . . . . watermelon peperomia ____ Peperomia caperata . . . . . . . . . . . .emerald ripple peperomia ____ Peperomia obtusifolia . . . . . . . . . . .wax leaf peperomia ____ Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycardium . .heartleaf philodendron ____ Pilea cadierei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aluminum plant ____ Pilea microphylla . . . . . . . . . . . . .artillery plant ____ Plectranthus australis . . . . . . . . . . Swedish ivy ____ Saintpaulia ionantha . . . . . . . . . . . African violet ____ Sansevieria trifasciata . . . . . . . . . .snake plant ____ Schefflera actinophylla . . . . . . . . . .umbrella tree ____ Syngonium podophyllum . . . . . . . . . . .arrowhead plant ____ Tolmiea menziesii . . . . . . . . . . . . .piggy back plant ____ Tradescantia fluminensis . . . . . . . . . wandering Jew SHRUBS ____ Abelia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . .glossy abelia ____ Acacia longifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . Sydney golden wattle ____ Arbutus unedo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . strawberry tree ____ Arctostaphylos uva-ursi . . . . . . . . . bearberry, manzanita ____ Aucuba japonica 'Variegata'. . . . . . . .gold dust plant ____ Bambusa multiplex 'Golden Goddess' . . . .golden goddess bamboo ____ Berberis thunbergii 'Atropurpurea' . . . .purple-leaf Japanese barberry ____ Buxus microphylla var. japonica . . . . . Japanese boxwood ____ Callistemon citrinus . . . . . . . . . . .lemon bottlebrush ____ Camellia japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese camellia ____ Camellia sasanqua . . . . . . . . . . . . sasanqua camellia ____ Carissa grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . Natal plum ____ Chaenomeles spp. & hybrids . . . . . . . .flowering quince ____ Chamaerops humilis . . . . . . . . . . . .Mediterranean fan palm ____ Cistus X purpureus . . . . . . . . . . . .orchid rock rose ____ Coleonema pulchrum . . . . . . . . . . . .pink breath-of-heaven ____ Coprosma repens . . . . . . . . . . . . . mirror shrub ____ Cortaderia selloana . . . . . . . . . . . pampas grass ____ Cotoneaster horizontalis . . . . . . . . .rock cotoneaster ____ Cotoneaster lacteus . . . . . . . . . . . Parney cotoneaster ____ Cycas revoluta . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sago palm ____ Cytisus racemosus . . . . . . . . . . . . Easter broom ____ Dicksonia antarctica . . . . . . . . . . .Tasmanian tree fern ____ Dodonaea viscosa 'Purpurea' . . . . . . . purple hop seed bush ____ Elaeagnus pungens . . . . . . . . . . . . silverberry ____ Erica canaliculata 'Rosea' . . . . . . . .Christmas heather ____ Escallonia spp. & hybrids . . . . . . . . escallonia ____ Euonymus japonica 'Aureo-marginata' . . . golden-edged euonymus ____ Fatsia japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese aralia ____ Feijoa sellowiana . . . . . . . . . .. . .pineapple guava ____ Forsythia X intermedia . . . . . . . . . .hybrid forsythia ____ Fuchsia X hybrida . . . . . . . . . . . . fuchsia ____ Gardenia jasminoides 'Mystery' . . . . . .mystery gardenia ____ Grevillea 'Noellii' . . . . . . . . . . . Noell's grevillia ____ Grewia occidentalis . . . . . . . . . . . lavender starflower ____ Hebe menziesii . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Menzies' hebe ____ Hebe 'Patty's Purple' . . . . . . . . . . Patty's purple veronica ____ Heteromeles arbutifolia . . . . . . . . . toyon ____ Hibiscus rosa-sinensis . . . . . . . . . .Chinese hibiscus ____ Hydrangea macrophylla . . . . . . . . . . garden hydrangea ____ Ilex aquifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . English holly ____ Ilex cornuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chinese holly ____ Ilex cornuta 'Burfordii' . . . . . . . . .Burford holly ____ Juniperus chinensis 'Pfitzerana Aurea' . .golden Pfitzer juniper ____ Juniperus chinensis 'Pfitzerana Glauca' . blue Pfitzer juniper ____ Juniperus chinensis var. . . . . . . . . .dwarf Japanese garden procumbens 'Nana' juniper ____ Juniperus chinensis 'Torulosa' . . . . . .Hollywood juniper ____ Juniperus conferta . . . . . . . . . . . .shore juniper ____ Juniperus sabina 'Tamariscifolia' . . . . tam juniper ____ Lantana camara . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lantana ____ Leptospermum laevigatum . . . . . . . . . Australian tea tree ____ Leptospermum scoparium . . . . . . . . . .New Zealand tea tree ____ Ligustrum japonicum 'Texanum' . . . . . . Texas privet ____ Mahonia aquifolium . . . . . . . . . . . .Oregon grape ____ Mahonia lomariifolia . . . . . . . . . . .Chinese hollygrape ____ Myrsine africana . . . . . . . . . . . . .African boxwood ____ Myrtus communis 'Compacta' . . . . . . . .dwarf myrtle ____ Nandina domestica . . . . . . . . . . . . heavenly bamboo ____ Nandina domestica 'Nana' . . . . . . . . .dwarf heavenly bamboo ____ Nerium oleander . . . . . . . . . . . . . oleander ____ Osmanthus fragrans . . . . . . . . . . . .sweet olive ____ Philodendron selloum . . . . . . . . . . .giant hardy philodendron ____ Phormium tenax . . . . . . . . . . . . . .New Zealand flax ____ Photinia X fraseri . . . . . . . . . . . Fraser's photinia ____ Phyllostachys aurea . . . . . . . . . . . golden bamboo ____ Pinus mugo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dwarf mugho pine ____ Pittosporum tobira . . . . . . . . . . . .mock orange, tobira ____ Pittosporum tobira 'Wheeler's Dwarf' . . .Wheeler's dwarf pittosporum ____ Platycladus orientalis 'Aureus' . . . . . dwarf golden arborvitae ____ Podocarpus gracilior . . . . . . . . . . .fern pine ____ Podocarpus macrophyllus . . . . . . . . . yew pine ____ Psidium cattleianum . . . . . . . . . . . strawberry guava ____ Punica granatum 'Nana' . . . . . . . . . .dwarf pomegranate ____ Pyracantha spp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . pyracantha ____ Raphiolepis indica 'Rosea' . . . . . . . .pink India hawthorn ____ Rhododendron spp. & hybrids . . . . . . . rhododendrons and azaleas ____ Sphaeropteris cooperi . . . . . . . . . . Australian tree fern ____ Strelitzia reginae . . . . . . . . . . . .bird-of-pardise ____ Syringa vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . .common lilac ____ Syzygium paniculatum . . . . . . . . . . .brush cherry ____ Taxus baccata 'Stricta' . . . . . . . . . Irish yew ____ Ternstroemia gymnanthera . . . . . . . . .ternstroemia ____ Viburnum suspensum . . . . . . . . . . . .sandankwa viburnum ____ Woodwardia fimbriata . . . . . . . . . . .giant chain fern ____ Xylosma congestum . . . . . . . . . . . . shiny xylosma ____ Yucca gloriosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Spanish dagger TREES ____ Acacia baileyana . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bailey's acacia ____ Acer palmatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japanese maple ____ Acer saccharinum . . . . . . . . . . . . .silver maple ____ Albizia julibrissin . . . . . . . . . . . silk tree ____ Alnus rhombifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . white alder ____ Araucaria heterophylla . . . . . . . . . .Norfolk Island pine ____ Arecastrum romanzoffianum . . . . . . . . queen palm ____ Betula pendula . . . . . . . . . . . . . .European white birch ____ Cedrus deodara . . . . . . . . . . . . . .deodar cedar ____ Ceratonia siliqua . . . . . . . . . . . . carob tree ____ Cinnamomum camphora . . . . . . . . . . . camphor tree ____ Cornus florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . .flowering dogwood ____ Cupressus glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . .Arizona cypress ____ Cupressus macrocarpa . . . . . . . . . . .Monterey cypress ____ Cupressus sempervirens . . . . . . . . . .Italian cypress ____ Eriobotrya japonica . . . . . . . . . . . loquat ____ Eucalyptus cinerea . . . . . . . . . . . .spiral eucalyptus ____ Eucalyptus polyanthemos . . . . . . . . . silver dollar gum ____ Eucalyptus sideroxylon . . . . . . . . . .red ironbark eucalyptus ____ Ficus microcarpa var. nitida . . . . . . .Indian laurel fig ____ Fraxinus uhdei . . . . . . . . . . . . . .evergreen ash ____ Fraxinus velutina 'Modesto' . . . . . . . Modesto ash ____ Ginkgo biloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . maidenhair tree ____ Grevillea robusta . . . . . . . . . . . . silk oak ____ Jacaranda mimosifolia . . . . . . . . . . jacaranda ____ Lagerstroemia indica . . . . . . . . . . .crape myrtle ____ Laurus nobilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sweet bay ____ Liquidambar styraciflua . . . . . . . . . American sweet gum ____ Liriodendron tulipifera . . . . . . . . . tulip tree ____ Magnolia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . .Southern magnolia ____ Magnolia X soulangiana . . . . . . . . . .saucer magnolia ____ Maytenus boaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . mayten tree ____ Morus alba 'Fruitless' . . . . . . . . . .fruitless mulberry ____ Olea europaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . European olive ____ Picea pungens 'Glauca' . . . . . . . . . .Colorado blue spruce ____ Pinus canariensis . . . . . . . . . . . . Canary Island pine ____ Pinus halepensis . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aleppo pine ____ Pinus radiata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monterey pine ____ Pinus thunbergiana . . . . . . . . . . . .Japanese black pine ____ Pistacia chinensis . . . . . . . . . . . .Chinese pistache ____ Platanus racemosa . . . . . . . . . . . . California sycamore ____ Populus nigra 'Italica' . . . . . . . . . Lombardy poplar ____ Prunus X blireiana . . . . . . . . . . . .flowering plum ____ Prunus caroliniana . . . . . . . . . . . .Carolina laurel cherry ____ Pyrus kawakamii . . . . . . . . . . . . . evergreen pear ____ Quercus agrifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . coast live oak ____ Quercus ilex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .holly oak ____ Quercus palustris . . . . . . . . . . . . pin oak ____ Salix babylonica . . . . . . . . . ... . .weeping willow ____ Schinus molle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . California pepper tree ____ Schinus terebinthifolius . . . . . . . . .Brazilian pepper tree ____ Sequoia sempervirens . . . . . . . . . . .coast redwood ____ Sequoiadendron giganteum . . . . . . . . .Sierra redwood ____ Ulmus parvifolia . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chinese elm ____ Washington robusta . . . . . . . . . . . .Mexican fan palm VINES AND GROUND COVERS ____ Ajuga reptans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . carpet bugle ____ Arctotheca calendula . . . . . . . . . . .Cape weed or Cape daisy ____ Asparagus densiflorus 'Sprengeri' . . . . Sprenger asparagus fern ____ Baccharis pilularis 'Twin Peaks #2' . . . coyote brush ____ Bougainvillea spp. & hybrids . . . . . . .bougainvillea ____ Carpobrotus edulis . . . . . . . . . . . .ice plant, seaside-fig ____ Ceanothus griseus var. horizontalis . . . Carmel creeper ____ Clytostoma callistegioides . . . . . . . .lavender trumpet vine ____ Euonymus fortunei . . . . . . . . . . . . winter creeper ____ X Fatshedera lizei . . . . . . . . . . . botanical wonder ____ Festuca ovina var. glauca . . . . . . . . blue fescue grass ____ Ficus pumila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .creeping fig ____ Fragaria chiloensis . . . . . . . . . . . ornamental strawberry ____ Gazania spp. & hybrids. . . . . . . . . . gazania ____ Gelsemium sempervirens . . . . . . . . . .Carolina jessamine ____ Hedera canariensis . . . . . . . . . . . .Algerian ivy ____ Hedera helix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .English ivy ____ Hypericum calycinum . . . . . . . . . . . creeping St. Johnswort ____ Juniperus horizontalis 'Bar Harbor' . . . Bar Harbor juniper ____ Lonicera japonica 'Halliana'. . . . . . . Hall's Japanese honeysuckle ____ Ophiopogon japonicus . . . . . . . . . . .mondo grass ____ Osteospermum fruticosum . . . . . . . . . trailing African daisy, freeway daisy ____ Pachysandra terminalis . . . . . . . . . .Japanese spurge ____ Potentilla tabernaemontani . . . . . . . spring cinquefoil ____ Rosmarinus officinalis 'Prostratus' . . . dwarf rosemary ____ Sagina subulata . . . . . . . . . . . . . Irish moss ____ Sedum brevifolium (a tiny grey-lvd. sp.). stonecrop ____ Soleirolia soleirolii . . . . . . . . . . baby's tears ____ Trachelospermum jasminoides . . . . . . . star jasmine ____ Verbena peruviana . . . . . . . . . . . . Peruvian verbena ____ Vinca minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dwarf periwinkle ____ Wisteria sinensis . . . . . . . . . . . . Chinese wisteria __________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: 1. Referring to the above list, have students research the characteristics and landscape uses of ornamental plants. a. Students should use the supplemental worksheet, below, to organize information about each plant. Each worksheet is large enough to identify two plants. b. If possible, the worksheets should be copied onto card stock and cut in half. These will make excellent flash cards for learning plant uses and requirements. Cards can be loosely bound with a pair of binder rings for convenient handling. c. Students should research 30 plants that require full sun and 30 plants that require shade. Students should identify examples of trees, shrubs, vines, ground covers, annuals, perennials, and houseplants within each of these two categories. d. The plant selection guide in Sunset's WESTERN GARDEN BOOK will be particularly helpful to students researching plant material for sun and shade. The instructor may want to make additional requirements for selecting plant material. For instance, students may be asked to find a shade-loving ground cover that has blue flowers, or a sun-loving tree that can thrive in seacoast conditions. __________________________________________________________ Supplemental Worksheet #1: BOTANICAL NAME: COMMON NAME: FAMILY: TYPE: ORIGIN: SIZE: GROWTH RATE: LEAF DESCRIPTION: FLOWER DESCRIPTION: FLOWERING SEASON: FRUIT TYPE AND COLOR: LANDSCAPE USES: LIGHT REQUIREMENTS: WATER REQUIREMENTS: SOIL AND FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS: PRUNING REQUIREMENTS: SPECIAL CULTURAL NOTES: BOTANICAL NAME: COMMON NAME: FAMILY: TYPE: ORIGIN: SIZE: GROWTH RATE: LEAF DESCRIPTION: FLOWER DESCRIPTION: FLOWERING SEASON: FRUIT TYPE AND COLOR: LANDSCAPE USES: LIGHT REQUIREMENTS: WATER REQUIREMENTS: SOIL AND FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS: PRUNING REQUIREMENTS: SPECIAL CULTURAL NOTES: B. Principles of Planting Design: Planting design is an art as well as a science. There is no substitute for experience in developing aesthetically pleasing and functional plant designs. However, even the beginner can have some success at planting design by following a few basic principles. The following concepts will help in the task of coordinating the functional uses of plants, listed above, with the aesthetic uses of plants, related to our senses: 1. The Outdoor Room Concept: By thinking of the landscape as a series of outdoor rooms, the designer can organize and focus the design, choosing plants based on the purpose and features of each "room." a. Outdoor Use Areas: Just as in a house, the outdoor spaces in a landscape have different purposes. Plants chosen for the landscape will help define and enclose these different use areas. Examples around a typical residence would include: 1) A public area, such as in the front of the house, facing the street. 2) A service area, such as the side yard where garbage cans are kept or a dog run is constructed. 3) An open family living area, such as the back yard with a lawn. 4) A more private living/dining area, such as a patio area adjacent to the house. b. Each of these areas or "rooms" has features analogous to an indoor room such as a floor, walls, a ceiling, entryways and exits, and "windows" that look through to other areas. c. Plants are chosen to frame or serve as these various elements in the landscape. 1) Turf might be chosen as the "floor" in an open family living area, while an interesting ground cover might complement some flagstone paving in the patio area. 2) "Walls" of a room might be "constructed" of a dense screen planting such as escallonia to provide privacy. 3) An entryway may be set off or framed by a fragrant planting of climbing roses or clematis. d. Plants should always be chosen to contribute to the purpose of the defined area. 2. Basic Design Guidelines: Thinking through the outdoor room concept gives us an idea of the kinds of plants which will serve the desired purpose in the landscape. How plants should be arranged and the specific sizes, colors and shapes needed must next be decided. Some design principles to help make these decisions follow: a. Simplicity: By massing plants, repeating certain species, and avoiding a clutter of competing plants, the designer achieves a more unified, restful design. b. Balance: By avoiding placing all of the large or colorful plants in one place in the landscape, the designer creates a desirable "tension" between the various elements. If the elements aren't balanced, the eye focuses only on one area and neglects the rest. This is boring. c. Proportion: Proportion is concerned with the size relationship of the features of the landscape. Plants should not be too big or too small for the other plants or built elements in the landscape. d. Focal Point: The landscape must provide a focal point for the eye to move to, and some visual guidance toward that point. This may simply be a door or entryway at the end of a low hedge, or a specimen plant with a background of dark green shrubbery. e. Rhythm: By placing similar elements in a regularly spaced manner, rhythm is created in the landscape. This gently carries the eye, and, if broken, can provide interest in terms of an accent or highlight. f. Line: Lines created by continuous plantings or built elements in the landscape can be used to guide the viewer's eye as desired, toward views beyond the landscape, or toward specimen plants within the landscape. 3. Arranging Plants: Certain landscape situations are repeated over and over again. Following are some suggestions for plantings in some common situations: a. Corner Plantings: Every outdoor room has corners. Corner plantings can be divided into two parts, the incurve, at the center of the corner, and the outcurves, leading into (and out of) the corner. 1) The incurve is the best place for a specimen plant or a plant of special interest, since the eye is drawn to this natural focal point. The tallest plant should also be at the incuve. 2) The outcurves should be planted in such a way to draw attention to the incurve, gently leading up to the specimen plant. 3) Three or four species are enough for a corner planting. b. Line Plantings: These are the basic means of forming outdoor walls with plants. 1) Line species should be limited in number and grouped. 2) Staggering the placement with an occasional accent plant adds interest to the planting. 3) Space plants far enough apart so they have room to mature. 4) The tiered effect, described below, can be employed in line plantings if room permits. c. Foundation Plantings: These plantings soften the hard lines created where the flat grade and a flat structure meet. 1) The largest plants should be planted closest to the building, with a "tiered" effect stepping down from there. 2) "Filler" plants fill the space in front of the tall foundation plants next to the building. 3) "Facer" plants are the shortest plants of a foundation planting, facing out in front of the filler plants and before any turf, ground cover or walkway. 4) These different plants should always be of different shades of green or different textures to provide contrast. __________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: 1. Have students survey plantings around the school grounds and identify them as to their purpose, in terms of function (i.e., shade tree, bedding plant, etc.) and the role each plays in the plantings design (foundation plant, part of a line planting, etc.). __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ ACTIVITY: 1. Have students, given a base plan of a residence, diagram the plantings for a landscape. Each student's plan should include trees, foundation plantings, ground covers, hedges or screening plants, some turf, some border plants, and a climbing plant. (Several ideas for base plans can be found in Ingels' LANDSCAPING text, page 101.) __________________________________________________________ 1/7/91 MH/clh #%&C